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Multicohort D:A:D Study Pinpoints Non-HIV Death Risk
Factors People Can Change
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See Slides below:
16th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, February 8-11, 2009, Montreal
Mark Mascolini
Smoking, low weight, hypertension, diabetes, and hepatitis B and C infection all emerged as potentially modifiable non-HIV death risk factors in a D:A:D study analysis [1]. The study also confirmed the impact of current CD4 count and HIV load on risk of death.
Colette Smith and D:A:D colleagues analyzed records of 33,347 HIV-infected people, 74% of them men, 34% current smokers, 20% with HCV antibody, 14% with HBV surface antigen, and 3% with diabetes. Median age stood at 39 years (interquartile range [IQR] 35-45), median body mass index at 23 kg/m(2) (IQR 21-25), median systolic blood pressure at 120 mm Hg (IQR 110-130), median viral load at 1000 copies (IQR 50 to 15,000 copies), and median CD4 count at 408 (IQR 248-600). Median cumulative antiretroviral exposure measured only 3.1 years (IQR 1.6-4.8).
During follow-up, 2192 people died to yield a death rate of 13.8 per 1000 person-years. The principal causes of death were AIDS (accounting for 32% of deaths), liver disease (14%), non-AIDS malignancies (12%), and heart disease (11%) (from Jules: these 3 complications add up to more than 32% so non-AIDS deaths beats AIDS deaths). There were not enough deaths from other causes, including kidney disease, to provide the statistical power needed to weigh the impact of risk factors.
Every 10 years of age raised the risk of death 22%. Current smoking, smoking in the past, and unknown smoking status all independently raised the risk of all-cause death compared with never smoking.
Body mass index below 18 kg/m(2) independently raised the overall death risk, as well as the risk of death from AIDS, liver disease, and non-AIDS cancer. Body mass index of 26-30 kg/m(2) independently lowered the risk of overall death, AIDS death, and cardiovascular death.
Hypertension independently boosted the overall death risk and the risk associated with liver disease and heart disease. The study also disclosed a strong trend toward a higher risk of AIDS death among people with hypertension. Diabetes independently raised the risk of death from all causes, AIDS, liver disease, and heart disease, with a trend toward a higher death risk from non-AIDS malignancies.
HCV seropositivity hoisted the overall death risk and nearly quintupled the risk of liver-related mortality. HBV positivity made all-cause death more likely, as well as death from liver disease and cardiovascular disease.
Every 100-cell higher CD4 count lowered the overall death risk, as well as the risk of death from AIDS, liver disease, heart disease, and non-AIDS cancers. Compared with a viral load below 400 copies while on antiretroviral therapy, a load above 400 while on therapy heightened the risk of death from all causes, from AIDS, and from liver disease. Compared with a sub-400 load on therapy, a load below 10,000 copies from while off therapy made death more likely from all causes, AIDS, liver disease, and non-AIDS cancers. A viral load between 10,000 and 100,000 copies while off therapy made death more likely from all causes and from AIDS. And a viral load above 100,000 copies while off therapy raised the risk of every death category considered except non-AIDS malignancies.
Principal investigator Colette Smith cautioned that although the study traced links between CD4 count, viral load, and non-AIDS death, "there is currently little evidence that modifying these markers will reduce the risk of non-AIDS mortality." But the results clearly underline "the importance of addressing traditional, non-HIV specific risk factors in order to further reduce death rates in HIV-positive populations." (from Jules: the evidence is pretty good that CD4 ad viral load are associated with developing non-AIDS events).
Reference
1. Smith C, D:A:D Study Group. Association between modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors and specific causes of death in the HAART era: the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs Study. 16th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, February 8-11, 2009, Montreal. Abstract 145.
Association between Modifiable and Non-modifiable Risk Factors and Specific Causes of Death in the HAART Era: The Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs Study
Reported by Jules Levin
CROI 2009
From Jules: This study from the DAD group made 2 important points: (1) cause of death were 32% due to AIDS and 37% due to non-AIDS causes (CVD-related 11%, non-AIDS cancers 12%, and liver-related 14%). They found few deaths due to renal causes and didn't have the power to adequately look at that. They also reported important risk factors for death but kind of obvious: hypertension, diabetes, HCV & HBV coinfection, but of note current CD4 and viral load were associated with risk for death. Of course smoking was associated with increased risk for death. Their 2nd major point is that some of these risk factors for death can be modified, doctors/clinicians and patients should be proactively addressing stopping smoking should be the top of the list, hypertension, diabetes and glucose levels that might not be diabetes yet, HCV & HBV coinfection (which many clinicians & patients are not addressing this adequately), and cardiovadcular disease, and diet and exercise. Not mentioned in this paper are bone disease and renal disease. HIV and age are substantial causes for bone and kidney disease, so monitoring bone disease by considering performing a bone dexa is important, and of course proper monitoring of renal disease is recommended.
Here is a link to EuroSida study finding the same.
Non-AIDS Illness More Common Than AIDS--and More Deadly--in EuroSIDA - written by Mark Mascolini - (02/12/09)
Colette Smith and D:A:D Study Group
Univ Coll London Med Sch, UK
Background: Excess mortality remains for HIV+ individuals compared to the general population. Identifying modifiable risk factors associated with specific causes of death could guide interventions.
Methods: Patients were followed from date of entry into the D:A:D study until death or last follow-up (through October 1, 2007). Cause of death was ascertained using the CoDe system. Adjusted rate ratios (RR) for the association between potential modifiable risk factors (hepatitis C and B virus [HCV, HBV], body mass index, smoking, hypertension [systolic BP140 or diastolic BP90 or anti-hypertensive use], diabetes, ART use, current CD4 count, current HIV RNA [current variables lagged by 3 months]) and death were obtained with Poisson regression, adjusted for other potential confounders (sex, race, risk for HIV infection, calendar year, age, prior cardiovascular disease (CVD) or AIDS).
Results: There were 2192 deaths in 33,347 people followed for 158,959 person-years (rate = 1.4/100 person-years).
Underlying causes were AIDS (32%), liver-related (14%), non-AIDS cancers (12%), CVD (11%), and other (31%).
Risk factors for overall death were smoking, low body mass index (<18 kg/m2), hypertension, diabetes, HBV/HCV-co-infection, low current CD4, and higher HIV RNA (table; for comparison, results for the 2 main demographic variables are also shown) although the strength of associations of the modifiable risk factors with the cause-specific death rates varied substantially.
Smoking was associated with CVD and non-AIDS cancers, HBV and HCV co-infection with liver-related deaths, and hypertension with liver-related and CVD deaths.
Diabetes was a risk factor for all specific causes of death except non-AIDS cancers, and higher current HIV RNA for AIDS-related and liver-related deaths.
Lower CD4 counts were associated with a higher risk of death from all specific causes of death.
Conclusions: Multiple potentially modifiable risk factors for deaths in HIV-infected persons were identified. These factors must be addressed to further reduce mortality. Maintaining higher CD4 cell counts is likely to have the broadest effect on decrease in deaths.
For every 10 years increased age the risk for death for any cause increased 22%, and those at older ages were at increased risk for all these causes of death. Men were at a higher risk for dyng of any cause when compared to women, and they saw a similar trend when looking at these 4 causes although none of these reached statistical significance.
Currently smoking or ex-smokers were at a higher risk for dying compared to those who never smoked. There was no association between liver-related death and AIDS related deaths and smoking. But CVD and non-AIDS malignancies were much more common among current & ex-smokers than those who had never smoked. They have not yet been able to incorporate the time since some of the ex-smokers stopped smoking, some of them may have stopped relatively recently.
"We found a trend", as BMI increased overall risk of death decreased, with a particularly high risk of death for those who were underweight with a BMI of <18. A similar trend was found with regards to AIDS & non-AIDS malignancies, with those with a BMI <18 at a particularly high risk of death. This could be because people lose weight as they get sicker and die. In contrast, they did not see an association between CVD & non-AIDS malignancies and death.
As expected those with hypertension & diabetes were at higher risk for death of CVD. "Surprisingly" they said they also found an association with liver disease (from Jules: its not a surprise because people with HCV are more likely to have diabetes and my guess is also hypertension). However when looking at AIDS related deaths and non-AIDS malignancies they did not find an association with hypertension and only a slightly increased risk for diabetics for dying from AIDS or non-AIDS malignancies.
HCV + and HBV+ were at a higher risk for death due to any reason compared to hepatitis-negative individuals. Of course much of this as expected they much of this can be explained by liver-related deaths. HCV+ individuals as you can see in the graph are at a much higher risk for death compared to HBV+ but both HCV+ and HBV+ are at greater risk for death. They found no association between hepatitis status and any of the other 3 causes of death.
Those with lower CD4 counts are at a higher risk for death. For someone with a current CD4 count of 100 they have a 30% increased risk for death compared to someone with a CD4 count of 200.
CD4 and viral load were associated with increased risk for death. The effect of CD4 count was obviously particularly marked for those who died of AIDS-related deaths. Those with lower CD4 counts were also at risk for dying due to liver-related and non-AIDS malignancies, but a slight trend that Cd4 count affected CVD disease-related deaths.
The presenter said compared to someone with undetectable viral load someone with detectable viral load is at a much increased risk for death, and those off ART as in interruption are at the same risk, and as viral load increases off ART as you can see in the Table the risk increases with increasing viral load, and this trend is apparent in the Table for AIDS and liver-related deaths but was not seen for CVD & non-AIDS malignancies related deaths. (from Jules: but other studies have reported CD4s and viral load associated with cancers).
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