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S/GSK1349572 is a Potent Next Generation HIV Integrase Inhibitor
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Reported by Jules Levin
5th Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention. 19-22 July 2009, Cape Town, South Africa
Akihiko Sato1, Masanori Kobayashi1, Tomokazu Yoshinaga1, Tamio Fujiwara1,
Mark Underwood2, Brian Johns2, Scott Foster2, Richard Hazen2, Robert Ferris2, Kevin Brown2, Edward Garvey2
1Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan ; 2 GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, US
AUTHOR CONCLUSIONS
S/GSK1349572 is a potent inhibitor of HIV integrase In vitro and in cell based HIV replication assays.
The S/GSK1349572 mechanism of action was confirmed by measuring HIV integrase strand transfer inhibition in biochemical assay, by viral DNA species quantification after viral infection in cells in the presence and absence of antivirals, and by passaging HIV-1 to select resistance followed by phenotypic and genotypic analysis.
S/GSK1349572 inhibited HIV replication in a clade- and clinical isolate independent fashion.
S/GSK1349572 had limited cross-resistance to RAL- and ELV-resistant mutants.
In vitro passage study showed that S/GSK1349572 leads to a less diverse resistance profile with lower fold change.
In vitro experiments support the potential for S/GSK1349572 to have a higher genetic barrier to resistance when compared to 1st generation INIs.
ABSTRACT
Background: S/GSK1349572 was selected as lead molecule from a series of two-metal binding integrase inhibitor scaffolds. We report here its antiviral potency, mechanism of action, and resistance profile.
Methods: Antiviral activity of S/GSK1349572 was measured against different HIV strains in various cell lines. Mechanism of action was determined using In vitro integrase strand transfer and binding assays, effects on viral DNA integration, and resistance passage experiments. Fold change (FC) in susceptibility against integrase inhibitor (INI)-resistant mutants was determined with a HeLa-CD4 cell line assay.
Results: S/GSK1349572 inhibited HIV integrase in an In vitro strand transfer assay. In PBMC cells, the antiviral EC50 and EC90 values were 0.51 and 2.0 nM, respectively. In MT-4 antiviral assays, the potency shift extrapolated to
100% human serum was 75-fold, resulting in estimated PA-EC90 of 152 nM in PBMCs. S/GSK1349572 had low nM potency against a broad clade panel of HIV-1 isolates representing Groups M and O, and against HIV-2. The mean
EC50 against HIV-1 from thirteen subtype B clinical isolates was 0.52 nM. In cellular assays, S/GSK1349572 blocked viral DNA integration with a concomitant increase in 2-LTR circles.
When virus was passaged in the presence of S/GSK1349572, highly resistant mutants were not isolated, but mutations which conferred low FC (maximum FC=4.1) were identified within the integrase active site. S/GSK1349572 demonstrated low fold change in activity against raltegravir resistant site directed molecular clones, including Y143R (S/GSK1349572 FC=1.4 and RAL FC=16), Q148K (S/GSK1349572 FC=1.1 and RAL FC=83), N155H (S/GSK1349572 FC=1.2 and RAL FC=11), and G140S, Q148H
(S/GSK1349572 FC=2.6 and RAL FC=>130).
Conclusions: S/GSK1349572 was a potent inhibitor of HIV integrase In vitro and in cellular HIV replication assays. S/GSK1349572 had a markedly different resistance profile as evidenced by limited cross-resistance to raltegravir
resistant molecular clones and the low level maximum resistance to S/GSK1349572 in serial passage.
INTRODUCTION
The long-standing Shionogi-GSK Joint Venture has made considerable progress in developing next-generation integrase inhibitors.
S/GSK1349572 is the only once-daily, unboosted integrase inhibitor currently in development with unprecedented antiviral activity and a superior resistance profile.1,2,3
S/GSK1349572 has demonstrated a predictable, well-characterized exposure-response relationship and low PK variability.3
METHODS
In vitro strand transfer assay; Recombinant HIV integrase was used in an In vitro strand transfer assay which measured the amount of donor DNA covalently attached to target DNA.
Cell based antiviral & cytotoxicity assays; Antiviral & cytotoxicity assays were performed using several virus strains and multiple cell lines. Testing of S/GSK1349572 against various HIV clades and HIV-1 clinical isolates was done at Southern Research Institute in PBMCs and at Monogram Biosciences using their Integrase Phenosense assay. The effects of protein binding on antiviral activity were tested using human serum albumin or human serum.
Analysis of antiviral mechanism; Mechanistic studies examined the effect of compound on viral DNA production and integration using quantitative PCR.4
Passage study; Generation of virus resistant to inhibitor was performed by passage of IIIB virus in MT2 cells in the presence of S/GSK1349572. For comparison, the potency of INIs that have been studied in the clinic (raltegravir and elvitegravir) were also measured in the above assays. All compounds were synthesized either at GSK or Shionogi.5,6
Results and Discussion
Table 1. Inhibition of Recombinant HIV Integrase
and HIV Replication by S/GSK1349572
S/GSK1349572 inhibited recombinant HIV integrase in a strand transfer assay with nanomolar potency.
The effective IC50 was determined by accounting for the antiviral IC50 fold shift in presence of protein. In vitro antiviral assays in the presence of increasing human serum were used to calculate the 75-fold shift in IC50 value of S/GSK1349572 in 100% human serum (by method of extrapolation); the protein-adjusted IC50 (PA IC50) for S/GSK1349572 is estimated to be 38 nM.
S/GSK1349572 was tested for cytotoxic effects in IM-9, U-937, MT-4, Molt-4 and PBMCs (stimulated and non-stimulated), with CCIC50 values of 4.8, 7.0, 14, 15, 52 and 189 µM, respectively.
Table 2. Inhibition of Different HIV Clades and
Clinical Isolates by S/GSK1349572
Isolates examined in PBMCs included 3 each of clades A-G, and group O. There were 16 CCR5 tropic, 5 CXCR4 tropic, and 1 undetermined tropic HIV-1.
S/GSK1349572 was determined to be highly active with broad activity against a total of 26 unique HIV-1 isolates and three HIV-2 isolates.
S/GSK1349572 was also active against HIV-1 containing the integrase coding region from 13 clade B clinical isolates and two control lab strains (HIV-1 IIIB and HXB2) in an isogenic background.
Figure 1. S/GSK1349572 Inhibits Integration of Viral DNA with A Concomitant Increase in 2-LTR Circles, with No Effect on Viral DNA Production
Although S/GSK1349572 did not affect the amount of late RT products, S/GSK1349572 inhibited integration of HIV cDNA in dose dependent manner.
Both S/GSK1349572 and RAL increased the amount of 2-LTR circles, while EFV decreased it.
Figure 2. In vitro Passage Selected Virus Was Able to Replicate under Higher Raltegravir (RAL) Concentrations than for S/GSK1349572 (572)
HIV-1 IIIB was passaged in medium containing increasing concentrations of S/GSK1349572 or RAL.
Viruses with RAL-resistant mutation(s) replicated in the presence of RAL at the higher concentration of 4,000nM.
Genotypic assay identified that N155H, Q148K, or Q148R were selected during
passages with RAL by day 28 or 42, and resulted in phenotypic resistance (FC=19, >23, or 8) against RAL.
HIV was unable to replicate under an initial concentration of 32nM S/GSK1349572, and no replication was observed under 160nM during passage.
These In vitro passage data demonstrate the potential for a higher genetic barrier for S/GSK1349572 when compared to RAL.
Table 3. Integrase Mutations Generated by Passage of Virus in the Presence of S/GSK1349572, Raltegravir (RAL), or Elvitegravir (ELV)
T124A is polymorphic and has wild type potency versus site directed T124A mutants.
Highly resistant mutants with high fold change (FC>100) were isolated in the presence of RAL and ELV; many of these mutations have been observed in the clinic in patients failing RAL and ELV-based regimens.
In the presence of S/GSK1349572, highly resistant mutants were not isolated. Multiple mutations in INI selected during S/GSK1349572 passage only conferred low fold change (maximum FC=4.1).
Data may be consistent with higher genetic barrier of S/GSK1349572 when compared to RAL and ELV.
Figure 3. Susceptibility of INI Resistant Molecular
Clones to S/GSK1349572
INI-resistant mutant HIV-1 viruses were produced from wild type virus NL-432 using site directed mutagenesis of the integrase coding region and were tested for susceptibility to INIs using infected HeLa-CD4 cells carrying a reporter é- galactosidase gene driven by HIV-1 LTR.
Fold change (FC) of each clone was determined in comparison with the IC50 value for the wild type virus NL432.
S/GSK1349572 demonstrated low fold change in activity against RAL and ELV-resistant site directed molecular clones.
Although limited cross-resistance between RAL and ELV was observed, S/GSK1349572 was active against this panel of INI-resistant mutants.
References
1. Lalezari J. et al. IAS 2009, Cape Town, Oral #TUAB105.
2. Underwood M. et al. IAS 2009, Cape Town, Poster #WEPEA098.
3. Song I, et al. IAS 2009, Cape Town, Poster #WEPEB250.
4. Garvey EP et al. AAC. 2008; 52: 901-08.
5. Kobayashi M et al. Antiviral Research. 2008; 80: 213-22.
6. Nakahara K et al. Antiviral Research. 2008; 81:
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