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Effect of Silymarin (Milk Thistle) on Liver Disease in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Unsuccessfully Treated With Interferon TherapyA Randomized Controlled Trial
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JAMA July 18, 2012
Michael W. Fried, MD; Victor J. Navarro, MD; Nezam Afdhal, MD; Steven H. Belle, PhD; Abdus S. Wahed, PhD; Roy L. Hawke, PharmD, PhD; Edward Doo, MD; Catherine M. Meyers, MD; K. Rajender Reddy, MD; for the Silymarin in NASH and C Hepatitis (SyNCH) Study Group
ABSTRACT
Context The botanical product silymarin, an extract of milk thistle, is commonly used by patients to treat chronic liver disease, despite scant and conflicting evidence of its efficacy.
Objective To determine the effect of silymarin on liver disease activity in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection unsuccessfully treated with interferon-based therapy.
Design, Setting, and Participants Multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted at 4 medical centers in the United States. Participants included 154 persons with chronic HCV infection and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels of 65 U/L or greater who were previously unsuccessfully treated with interferon-based therapy. Enrollment began in May 2008 and was completed in May 2010, with the last follow-up visit completed in March 2011.
Intervention Participants were randomly assigned to receive 420-mg silymarin, 700-mg silymarin, or matching placebo administered 3 times per day for 24 weeks.
Main Outcome Measures The primary outcome measure was serum ALT level of 45 U/L or less (considered within the normal range) or less than 65 U/L, provided this was at least a 50% decline from baseline values. Secondary outcomes included changes in ALT levels, HCV RNA levels, and quality-of-life measures.
Results After 24 weeks of treatment, only 2 participants in each treatment group (P ≥ .99) met the primary outcome measure (3.8% [95% CI, 0.5% to 13.2%] for placebo, 4.0% [95% CI, 0.5% to 13.7%] for 420-mg silymarin, and 3.8% [95% CI, 0.5% to 13.2%] for 700-mg silymarin). The mean decline in serum ALT activity at the end of treatment did not differ significantly (P = .75) across the 3 treatment groups (mean decline, -4.3 [95% CI, -17.3 to 8.7] U/L for placebo, -14.4 [95% CI, -41.6 to 12.7] U/L for 420-mg silymarin, -11.3 [95% CI, -27.9 to 5.4] U/L for 700-mg silymarin); there likewise were no significant differences in HCV RNA levels (mean change, 0.07 [95% CI, -0.05 to 0.18] log10 IU/mL for placebo, -0.03 [95% CI, -0.18 to 0.12] log10 IU/mL for 420-mg silymarin, 0.04 [95% CI, -0.08 to 0.16] log10 IU/mL for 700-mg silymarin; P = .54) or quality-of-life measures. The adverse event profile of silymarin was comparable with that of placebo.
Conclusion Higher than customary doses of silymarin did not significantly reduce serum ALT levels more than placebo in participants with chronic HCV infection unsuccessfully treated with interferon-based therapy.
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects almost 3% of the global population and may lead to cirrhosis, hepatic failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma.1 Sustained virological response can be achieved in patients treated with peginterferon and ribavirin, often combined with an HCV protease inhibitor.2- 4 Nevertheless, a large proportion of patients do not respond to these therapies, and many others cannot be treated because of medical comorbidities.5 Thus, alternative medications with disease-modifying activity may be of benefit.
Silymarin (Silybum marianum), an extract of milk thistle, is the botanical treatment most commonly used for liver disorders in the United States, owing to its purported hepatoprotective properties.6- 7 Indeed, 33% of patients with chronic HCV infection and cirrhosis reported current or past use of silymarin for the treatment of their disease.8 Silymarin has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties via inhibition of NF-κB (nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), as demonstrated in vitro.9- 10 Studies of silymarin in the HCV replicon system also suggest an effect on HCV core and NS5A expression, although at high concentrations.11 These same pathways, implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease, provide the rationale to investigate silymarin as a potential treatment for chronic HCV infection.
Clinical studies that have evaluated milk thistle for a variety of liver diseases have yielded inconsistent results and were compromised by lack of well-defined efficacy end points, heterogeneous populations of patients with liver disease, and use of nonstandardized silymarin preparations.12- 16 In view of the limited data available on dosing and pharmacokinetics of silymarin, an initial dose-ranging study was performed to identify silymarin doses for further study in the current trial.17 Two doses, 3 and 5 times higher than the customary dose, were selected based on this early testing. The aim of the present study was to assess the safety and efficacy of silymarin for treating chronic HCV infection among patients previously unsuccessfully treated with conventional interferon (IFN)-based treatment.
COMMENT
Milk thistle fruit extracts have been widely used in the setting of liver disease, but rigorous trials have not been conducted. The current study was designed to assess the efficacy of increasing doses of silymarin in patients with chronic HCV infection. We found that silymarin did not significantly improve serum ALT levels compared with placebo when administered to patients with chronic HCV infection previously unsuccessfully treated with IFN-based therapy.
This trial of silymarin is unique in that it used a well-characterized silymarin product; focused on a specific liver disease; enrolled a large, representative cohort across 4 different clinical sites; included an adequate treatment duration (24 weeks); had excellent adherence with study medication and visits; and used well-defined outcome measures.
Limited data from human and animal studies suggest that silymarin flavonolignans undergo rapid and extensive conjugative metabolism with primarily biliary excretion, resulting in short half-lives and low systemic exposures following oral administration of silymarin.28- 32 The doses administered in the present trial, substantially higher than customary doses of silymarin preparations, were first evaluated in a phase 1 pharmacokinetic study and were chosen to increase the chance of detecting a therapeutic benefit. Steady-state peak plasma concentrations of silybin A, the major silymarin flavonolignan detected in blood, ranged between 77 ng/mL to 1510 ng/mL at doses of 280 to 700 mg administered every 8 hours, similar to concentrations achieved in the current trial.17 In contrast, the antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of silymarin have been demonstrated in human HCV replicon systems, human hepatoma cell lines, and primary human hepatocytes using silybin A concentrations between 20 and 50 μg/mL, markedly higher than the peak concentrations achieved with the oral silymarin preparation in this study.9,11,33- 36
Because the focus of this study was on modifying disease activity, serum ALT level was deemed the most appropriate measure of the primary outcome, rather than HCV RNA level, which was explored as a secondary outcome. Although it is acknowledged that the most direct measure of improvement in liver disease is obtained by assessing paired liver biopsies obtained before and after therapy, liver biopsies incur risks to participants. As noted above, decreases in serum ALT levels highly correlate with improvement in hepatic necroinflammatory activity after interferon therapy, even when HCV RNA levels remain unchanged.19- 22 Thus, in the absence of any change in serum ALT level, improvement in hepatic histology or in hepatic fibrosis (as measured by noninvasive serum markers or transient elastography, none of which are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in the United States37) would have been unlikely.
Serum HCV RNA levels also remained unchanged during the course of this study, which was consistent with the primary end point findings for disease activity.
It is interesting, however, that a recent case series of patients with treatment-resistant HCV infection showed up to 3-log reductions in HCV RNA levels when treated with infusions of silibinin succinate, a silymarin-derived compound not contained in the oral product used in this trial.38 Serum ALT activity was also improved in some patients. Differential in vitro effects on HCV viral genotypes and HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase between oral silymarin and silibinin succinate have also been reported, suggesting potential differential in vivo activities of the 2 formulations.34- 35
Adherence to therapy was well maintained, despite a high pill burden, throughout the 24-week treatment period. Analysis of the primary end point among participants with the highest level of adherence did not demonstrate any significant difference across treatment groups. Similarly, an analysis of continuous changes in serum ALT levels during the first or second 12 weeks of treatment could not differentiate any treatment effect.
This study had several limitations. Fewer patients than expected treated with placebo or silymarin achieved the primary outcome, raising the possibility that the participants in this study were not representative of all patients with chronic HCV not responding to IFN-based therapy or that the expected response rates were assumed to be higher than the actual rates in the population.
Enrollment in this study required an abnormal ALT level, which would identify the population for whom an alternative medication would be expected to provide the greatest benefit if any signal of efficacy was detected. Furthermore, the study was designed to have adequate power if 25% more participants in the treatment group had a response than in the placebo group. Even if the actual response in the placebo group was as low as the observed response (3.8%), the study was still adequately powered to find the hypothesized difference between the treated and placebo groups. If the true response rate in the placebo group was 3.8% and was 25% higher (28.8%) in the 2 silymarin groups, the study would have 91% power to detect a 25% between-group difference at the same sample size and type I error level.
Although the percentage of participants with serious adverse events was numerically higher with silymarin treatment, the distribution of all adverse events was similar between the treatment and placebo groups. However, this study was not powered to find statistically significant differences among treatment groups with respect to adverse events.
In summary, oral silymarin, used at higher than customary doses, did not significantly alter biochemical or virological markers of disease activity in patients with chronic HCV infection who had prior treatment with IFN-based regimens. Silymarin did not provide greater benefit than placebo for patients with treatment-resistant chronic HCV infection.
RESULTS
Of the 234 patients screened, 154 were randomly allocated to receive treatment. The most frequent reason for ineligibility was serum ALT activity less than 65 U/L (Figure 1). Among those enrolled, 86 (56%) had never used a milk thistle preparation (Figure 1).
Participants in the 3 treatment groups were similar with respect to baseline characteristics, with the exception that the placebo group included a higher percentage of white participants (Table 1). Most participants were men (71%); the median age was 54 years, and the median body mass index was 29.2 (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared). The majority of patients had HCV genotype 1 infection (91%). The median HCV RNA level was 6.2 log10 IU/L and was similar in the 3 treatment groups. Serum ALT levels did not differ significantly (median, 106 U/L for placebo; 110 U/L for 420-mg silymarin; and 105 U/L for 700-mg silymarin; P = .90) across treatment groups. Markers suggestive of advanced liver disease (serum bilirubin levels, albumin levels, platelet counts) did not differ significantly across treatment groups.
At the end of treatment, 5 participants achieved serum ALT activity less than 45 U/L; 1 in the placebo group (1.9% [95% CI, 0.1% to 10.3%] and 2 each in the 420-mg silymarin (4.0% [95% CI, 0.5% to 13.7%]) and 700-mg silymarin (3.8% [95% CI, 0.5% to 13.2%]) groups (P = .80) (Table 2). One other participant treated with placebo had a decrease of serum ALT levels to less than 65 U/L, which reflected a decrease of 57% from baseline. Thus, 2 participants in each treatment group achieved the prespecified primary end point (P > .99). The percentages of participants who achieved the primary end point were 3.8% (95% CI, 0.5% to 13.2%) in the placebo group, 4.0% (95% CI, 0.5% to 13.7%) in the 420-mg silymarin group, and 3.8% (95% CI, 0.5% to 13.2%) in the 700-mg silymarin group.
When the multiple imputations method was used to handle missing data,27 the estimated 4.6%, 4.3%, and 3.8% of participants achieving the primary end point in the placebo, 420-mg silymarin, and 700-mg silymarin groups, respectively (P = .89), were similar compared with the estimates obtained using the last observation carried forward method, again indicating that there was not a significant difference in the response across the 3 treatment groups.
Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference across treatment groups (P = .75) when changes in serum ALT levels from baseline to end of treatment were analyzed as a continuous variable (mean decline, -4.3 [95% CI, -17.3 to 8.7] U/L for placebo, -14.4 [95% CI, -41.6 to 12.7] U/L for 420-mg silymarin, and -11.3 [95% CI, -27.9 to 5.4] U/L for 700-mg silymarin). Mean ALT levels are shown by treatment group for all participants in an intention-to-treat analysis (Figure 2).
The change in serum ALT levels did not differ significantly across treatment groups in either stratum defined by the presence (mean decline, -5.9 [95% CI, -20.9 to 9.0] U/L for placebo, -16.6 [95% CI, -38.3 to 5.2] U/L for 420-mg silymarin, and -10.5 (95% CI, -32.1 to 11.1] U/L for 700-mg silymarin) or absence (mean decline, -2.9 [95% CI, -24.3 to 18.6] U/L for placebo, -12.8 [95% CI, -59.8 to 34.2] U/L for 420-mg silymarin, and -11.8 [95% CI, -37.0 to 13.4] U/L for 700-mg silymarin) of previous milk thistle use.
Mean serum HCV RNA levels did not change significantly during the 24 weeks of therapy (mean change, 0.07 [95% CI, -0.05 to 0.18)] log10 IU/L for placebo, -0.03 [95% CI, -0.18 to 0.12] log10 IU/L for 420-mg silymarin, and 0.04 [95% CI, -0.08 to 0.16] log10 IU/L for 700-mg silymarin; P = .54) (Table 2). Similarly, restricting the analysis to patients from whom all data were available throughout the treatment phase showed no differences between the 3 treatment groups. Analysis of the continuum of HCV RNA levels from baseline to end of treatment did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference.
Adherence was maintained throughout the study, with 95% of participants meeting or exceeding an 80% threshold for adherence (91.8% for placebo, 95.2% for 420-mg silymarin, and 93.0% for 700-mg silymarin). Analysis of serum ALT activity performed in a per-protocol analysis (125 participants with >80% adherence) did not demonstrate significant changes in serum ALT activity by week 24 of treatment (mean change, -8.3 [95% CI, -22.3 to 5.8] U/L for placebo, -17.6 [95% CI, -51.4 to 16.2] U/L for 420-mg silymarin, and -3.7 [95% CI, -17.0 to 9.6] U/L for 700-mg silymarin; P = .66).
Silybin A plasma concentrations in participants who completed the study, drawn randomly at visits after a recorded dose, were observed in the range of 2.1 to 2048 ng/mL. All samples from placebo recipients had no detectable silybin A concentrations. The median and highest steady-state silybin A concentrations observed were 2-fold greater in the higher-dose group compared with the lower-dose group.
There were no significant changes in physical or mental health components of quality-of-life scores (Short-Form 36), in chronic liver disease health-related quality-of-life assessments (Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire), or in depression scores (Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression) in any group (Table 2).
Frequency of adverse events reported by individual patents did not differ significantly among the treatment groups (Table 3), although the power to detect such differences was limited because of the sample size and the relative infrequency of adverse events. The most frequent adverse events were gastrointestinal symptoms, reported in 12% of participants receiving any silymarin dose compared with 5% receiving placebo. The majority of adverse events were reported as mild or moderate in severity. Three patients (1 in the 420-mg silymarin group and 2 in the 700-mg silymarin group) had treatment discontinued because of adverse events. There were 12 serious adverse events: 1 in the placebo group, 6 in the 420-mg silymarin group, and 5 in the 700-mg silymarin group, reported by 2, 5, and 1 unique patients, respectively. Comparing placebo vs silymarin (either dose), the proportion of patients with at least 1 serious adverse event in the silymarin groups (7/102) did not differ significantly from the proportion in the placebo group (1/52) (P = .27). One participant treated with 420-mg silymarin died as a result of suicide 12 weeks after finishing treatment.
METHODS
Trial Design
The Silymarin in NASH and C Hepatitis (SyNCH) study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of 2 doses of silymarin and placebo with 1:1:1 allocation into the 3 treatment groups. Enrollment began in May 2008 and was completed in May 2010. Follow-up was completed by March 2011.18
Participants
Adult patients with chronic HCV infection were eligible for the trial if they had received previous IFN-based therapy without sustained virological response, had quantifiable serum HCV RNA levels, and had an alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level of 65 U/L or greater at screening. Patients were excluded if they had evidence of decompensated hepatic cirrhosis, a positive HIV antibody test result or positive result for HBsAg (surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus), or had used milk thistle products within the previous 30 days. Liver biopsy was not required for entry, although if obtained, the presence of moderate steatosis or steatohepatitis were considered exclusions.
Participants were recruited at 4 clinical centers in the United States (Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia). The study was approved by the institutional review boards at these centers and the data coordinating center, and all participants provided written informed consent. An independent data and safety monitoring board established by the National Institutes of Health approved the protocol and regularly reviewed study progress.
Interventions
Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: 420-mg silymarin, 700-mg silymarin, or matching placebo gelatin capsules administered 3 times daily for 24 weeks, a standard duration of treatment for which effective therapies for HCV have regularly demonstrated improvement in disease activity.5,18- 19 The botanical product used in the trial is a dry extract of milk thistle fruits (S marianum), marketed as Legalon 140 (Rottapharm Madaus) (eAppendix). This standardized silymarin product is approved as a prescription drug in several countries of Europe and Asia as a treatment for hepatic disorders. The placebo gelatin capsules consisted of lactose and other Legalon 140 components that included mannitol, magnesium stearate, and sodium carboxymethyl starch. The study was double blinded so that patients took 5 capsules 3 times daily, which consisted of either 5 capsules of silymarin (700 mg), 3 capsules of silymarin and 2 of placebo (420 mg), or 5 capsules of placebo, provided in a sealed, labeled cup. Medication was dispensed in the sealed cups, and each cup represented 1 dose.
Outcomes
The primary outcome measure for efficacy was serum ALT level of 45 U/L or less (approximate normal range) or attainment of at least 50% decline of serum ALT level to less than 65 U/L (approximately 1.5 times the upper limit of normal) after the 24-week treatment period. The change in serum ALT level was chosen as the primary outcome in this study as a practical measure that has been correlated with improvement in hepatic necroinflammatory activity during studies of interferon for HCV infection.18- 22 Secondary outcomes included change in serum ALT and serum HCV RNA levels during treatment. Adherence to study medication was assessed by dose counts.
Adverse events were prospectively monitored, as were blood counts and results of chemistry and coagulation tests. The Short-Form 36 and the Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire were used to measure generic and liver-disease related quality of life, respectively.23- 24 The Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale measured depressive symptomatology.25 These instruments were completed by participants before, during, and at the end of treatment. HCV RNA levels were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (Abbott RealTime HCV assay, Abbott Molecular Inc). Plasma specimens for measurement of levels of silymarin flavonolignans, predominantly silybin A, were collected during the trial and quantified by liquid chromatography electron spray ionization mass spectrometry as previously described.17 Silybin A is the major silymarin flavonolignan detected in blood.
Participants were seen at baseline and for 6 follow-up visits scheduled 2 to 8 weeks apart throughout the 24-week treatment period, and at 4 and 12 weeks after treatment, to assess safety and efficacy.
Sample Size
In the absence of silymarin, it was anticipated that 15% of participants in the placebo group would reach the primary outcome measure during a 24-week period. A clinically significant difference was considered to be 25%, ie, that 40% of those receiving silymarin met the primary end point. These estimates were based on early studies conducted among patients with HCV infection treated with interferon, placebo, or in observational control groups and on the clinical experience of the investigators to account for the composite end point.19 Assuming no dose-response relationship and 40% success in each silymarin treatment group, enrolling 153 patients (51 per group) would provide 80% power to reject the null hypothesis at α = .05 using a χ2 test. If there was a dose-response relationship, there would be greater power.
Randomization and Masking
Eligible participants were allocated to treatment group using an adaptive minimization randomization scheme stratified by site and history of previous use of any milk thistle preparations, using a web-based system created by the data coordinating center that allocated treatment to minimize the imbalance in treatment allocation. The randomization algorithm ensured that the treatment groups were imbalanced by no more than 4 participants overall, by no more than 3 participants within each site, and by no more than 2 participants within each stratum within each site, in that order. All clinical center personnel and participants were masked to treatment assignment and the parameters of the allocation scheme.
Statistical Methods
The analysis of the primary outcome measure was an intention-to-treat analysis including all allocated participants. Preplanned secondary outcomes included changes in ALT and serum HCV RNA levels, as well as quality-of-life and depression measures. Adherence to study medication was measured using a summary of missed-dose information obtained from dose counts and calculated as a percentage of the medication dose cups dispensed to participants compared with cups returned by participants at follow-up visits.
Baseline characteristics were summarized using frequencies and proportions for categorical variables (eg, race, sex) and median and quartiles for continuous variables (eg, age, baseline ALT levels). Because race and ethnicity have been shown to be associated with response to IFN-based therapies,26 these data were collected using a self-report, fixed-category questionnaire to evaluate their influence on the primary end point. Categorical variables across treatment groups, including the primary outcome, were compared using Pearson χ2 test or its exact version when appropriate. The Kruskal-Wallis (nonparametric analysis of variance) test was used to compare distributions of continuous measures across treatment groups.
The primary outcome was summarized using percentages and 95% CIs. Secondary outcomes (changes) were summarized using means and 95% CIs and compared across treatment groups using the F test from the general linear model, with treatment as the only explanatory factor in the model. Repeated ALT measures were analyzed by linear mixed models with an autoregressive correlation structure, using ALT levels as the dependent variable and treatment, time point, and treatment x time-point interaction as the independent variables. The significance of the changes in ALT levels over time was assessed using a likelihood ratio test of the interaction term.
The proportions of participants with serious adverse events between the treatment (either silymarin dose) and placebo groups were compared using the Fisher exact test. In all analyses, P = .05 was used as a cutoff for statistical significance. All null hypotheses were tested against nondirectional alternatives.
Missing data for the primary end point and for the secondary end point of changes in ALT level were handled using the last observation carried forward imputation method per the external data and safety monitoring board. Analysis of the primary hypothesis was also performed using multiple imputations. Twenty imputed data sets were created using a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm based on the observed ALT values at previous time points. For each of these imputed data sets, the primary end point was calculated and the analysis was repeated. All analyses were performed using SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc).
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