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HCV in India, New Study Reporting High Rates in Younger People
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"The study recorded an overall seroprevalence rate of HCV as 5.5% in the study and 1.5% in the control group.......Seroprevalances of IgM anti HCV recorded by different authors in and around Delhi ranges from 3% to 12%.......HCV seropositivity trends from 1997 to 2002 showed a gradual decline from 12% to 3.3%, but in last few years it is on an increasing trend.......On analyzing age-wise seropositivity, it was found that maximum seropositivity of IgM anti HCV was in 11-20 years of age group in the study group (9%) followed by 21-30 years (6.1%), 0-10 years (5.1%) and >40 years (3.7%) of age......HCV infection is predominantly a disease of young adults, which is due to cumulative risk of exposure with increasing age........ Most of the HCV infected patients are unaware of their clinical status and hence the disease may be under reported......World Health Organization estimates that there are 10-24 million HCV infected persons living in India. [5] The seroprevalence of HCV in apparently healthy people in India ranges from 1.5% to 4%.....During last few years, HCV seroprevalence is again increasing partly explained by a rapid increase in the population of Delhi burdening the health-care system. Delhi is also experiencing a heavy load of the migrant population due to tourism and industrial activities. Socio-economically compromised population of Delhi has poor access to health information and quality health-care. Unsafe injecting practices, intravenous drug abuse and unsafe sex practices, all have a contributory effect on the overall seroprevalence of HCV"
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Sex, drugs and Hepatitis C: Deadly blood disease on the rise among Delhi's youth
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2568677/Sex-drugs-Hepatitis-C-Deadly-blood-disease-rise-Delhis-youth.html
By Neetu Chandra
PUBLISHED: 17:30 EST, 26 February 2014
A silent killer is spinning its deathly web around Delhi's youngsters as they continue to pursue a lifestyle that renders them ever more vulnerable to its fatal designs.
A study conducted by Delhi's Lady Hardinge Medical College has revealed that the city's 15-40-year-olds are at an increased risk of contracting Hepatitis C - a liver disease that can lead to cirrhosis and cancer - owing to unsafe sexual practices and a deepening penchant for tattoos, among other factors.
The study, conducted by the hospital's Department of Microbiology, was recently published in the International Journal of Medicine and Public Health and involved 800 subjects who arrived at Lady Hardinge's Out Patient Department.
Among its conclusions was the fact that owing to the asymptomatic nature of Hepatitis C, the disease may be under-reported.
Hepatitis C is caused by the Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and is gradually emerging as a major health problem in developing countries. According to the World Health Organization, there are around 10-24 million HCV-infected people in India alone.
While infection declined from 12 to 3.3 per cent between 1997 and 2002, doctors warn there has been an increase in incidence over the past few years.
"Unsafe injecting and transfusion practices, intravenous drug abuse and unsafe sex practices, all contribute to the increased occurrence," said Dr Monika Rajani, one of the researchers who participated in the study.
"All blood donations are still not compulsorily screened for HCV in India," she added.
"HCV infection is predominantly a disease of young adults, which can be attributed to the fact that the risk of exposure increases with age," she stated.
"Young people are aware of HIV/AIDS and they adopt the best possible prevention methods to keep it at bay, but HCV infection is something people are not aware of. In metropolitan cities like Delhi, people choose sexual partners who are not HIV positive. But unfortunately, they don't know about HCV," a senior doctor said.
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Age-wise seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in clinically suspected infectious hepatitis patients attending a tertiary care hospital in Delhi
Monika Rajani, Manoj Jais
Department of Microbiology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
Date of Web Publication 17-Feb-2014
Introduction: Hepatitis C is a major public health problem globally. There are limited studies on age and sex related prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV). As hepatitis C is a preventable disease, the burden of the disease could be reduced to a significant extent if its seroprevalence is better known in different age groups. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine age-wise seroprevalence of HCV in clinically suspected infectious hepatitis patients.
Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology at Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi over a period of one year from January 2008 to December 2008. All the serum samples taken from subjects (600 study and 200 control) were tested for immunoglobulin M (IgM) anti HCV using commercially available enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kit. Study group consisted of patients with clinically suspected acute infectious hepatitis while the control group had age and sex matched patients showing no clinical evidence of acute infectious hepatitis.
Results: Overall 33 (5.5%) samples tested positive for IgM anti HCV in the study group while 3 (1.5%) samples tested positive in the control group. On analyzing age-wise seropositivity, it was found that maximum seropositivity of IgM anti HCV was in 11-20 years of age group in the study group (9%) followed by 21-30 years (6.1%), 0-10 years (5.1%) and >40 years (3.7%) of age. On the other hand in the control group, the maximum seropositivity of IgM anti HCV was seen in 0-10 years (2.8%) followed by 11-20 years (2.7%).
Conclusions: HCV infection is predominantly a disease of young adults, which is due to cumulative risk of exposure with increasing age. However infection in children is explained by the mother to baby transmission. Most of the HCV infected patients are unaware of their clinical status and hence the disease may be under reported.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major public health concern. [1] It is a single stranded ribonucleic acid virus and is the most common cause of post transfusion hepatitis. [2] It is estimated that 200 million people world-wide are infected with HCV. [3] HCV is gradually being recognized as a major health problem in developing countries. [4] World Health Organization estimates that there are 10-24 million HCV infected persons living in India. [5] The seroprevalence of HCV in apparently healthy people in India ranges from 1.5% to 4%. [6],[7],[8],[9] The seroprevalence ranges from 3% to 12% in patients suspected of acute viral hepatitis. [8],[10],[11]
Certain population groups such as injecting drug users, recipients of unscreened blood products, patients in hemodialysis centers, organ transplant patients and individuals with increased promiscuity tend to have a higher probability of HCV transmission. [4] HCV can also be transmitted from mother to baby. [4]
About 75% of infections are sub clinical and are revealed incidentally by abnormal liver function test and/or seropositivity. [12] Complications include chronic hepatitis (70%), cirrhosis (20-30%), hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure. [13] The prevalence of HCV related viral hepatitis still remains debatable in developing and developed countries. [6],[7],[8],[9],[10],[11] There are few prevalence studies from urban northern India. [6],[7],[8],[9],[10],[11] There are very limited studies on age and sex related prevalence of HCV. As hepatitis C is a preventable disease, the burden of the disease could be reduced to a significant extent, if its seroprevalence is better known in different age groups.
Materials & Methods
This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology at Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, which is a tertiary care hospital in urban Northern India, over a period of 1 year from January 2008 to December 2008. Subjects were divided into two groups. Group I was the study group of 600 patients with clinically suspected acute infectious hepatitis attending the out-patient department of various specialties in Kalawati Saran and Smt. Sucheta Kriplani Hospital attached to Lady Hardinge Medical College. Group II was the control group with 200 age and sex matched patients showing no clinical evidence of acute infectious hepatitis.
Inclusion criteria
· Recent onset of jaundice (less than 6 months), defined by serum bilirubin level >2.5 mg/dl and/or increase in serum transaminases more than 5 times the upper limit of normal.
· Fever in the absence of chronic liver disease or past history of jaundice.
Exclusion criteria
· History of chronic liver disease or past history of jaundice with duration of illness more than 6 months.
· Acute fatty liver/alcoholic hepatitis/intrahepatic cholestasis.
All the serum samples taken from subjects (study and control group) were tested for immunoglobulin M (IgM) anti HCV using commercially available enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kit (ELISA; Biokit, Barcelona, Spain).
RESULTS
The study and control group were divided age-wise into 0-10 years, 11-20 years, 21-30 years, 31-40 years and >40 years. The study group comprised of 362 male and 238 female patients. The overall male to female ratio was 1.5:1 and thus a male preponderance was seen in the study group. The control group (n = 200) comprised of 121 males and 79 females with overall male to female ratio of 1.5:1. The mean age in the study group was 20.2 ± 15.2 years while in the control group it was 19.65 ± 14.8 years. Overall 33 (5.5%) serum samples tested positive for IgM anti HCV in the study group while 3 (1.5%) tested positive in the control group.
Maximum seropositivity to IgM anti HCV was seen in 11-20 years in the study group (9%) followed by 21-30 years (6.1%), 0-10 years (5.1%) and >40 years (3.7%) of age. Although in the control group, the maximum seropositivity to IgM anti HCV was seen in 0-10 years (2.8%) followed by 11-20 years (2.7%). The difference in seropositivity in the study and control group was statistically insignificant in all the age groups (P > 0.05) [Table 1].
DISCUSSION
The study recorded an overall seroprevalence rate of HCV as 5.5% in the study and 1.5% in the control group. Seroprevalances of IgM anti HCV recorded by different authors in and around Delhi ranges from 3% to 12%.
[8],[10],[11],[14],[15],[16] Kar et al. reviewed 133 patients with acute viral hepatitis and recorded the overall seroprevalence of IgM anti HCV as 12%. [8] Kaur et al. recorded the seropositivity of IgM anti HCV in 306 patients with acute viral hepatitis as 3.3%. [15]
HCV seropositivity trends from 1997 to 2002 showed a gradual decline from 12% to 3.3%, but in last few years it is on an increasing trend. [8],[14],[15],[16] The decline was attributed to ban by Supreme Court of India on professional blood donations. [17],[18] Professional blood donation was an accepted practice until 1997. [17] This ban curtailed the transmission of HCV through unscreened blood donations. The government of India has also implemented quality control of blood banks with stringent blood transfusion safety measures and effective licensing system. [17],[18] All these measures might have contributed to decline in HCV seroprevalence during those years.
During last few years, HCV seroprevalence is again increasing partly explained by a rapid increase in the population of Delhi burdening the health-care system. Delhi is also experiencing a heavy load of the migrant population due to tourism and industrial activities. Socio-economically compromised population of Delhi has poor access to health information and quality health-care. Unsafe injecting practices, intravenous drug abuse and unsafe sex practices, all have a contributory effect on the overall seroprevalence of HCV. [19] The seropositivity rate of IgM anti HCV among the general population in our study (1.5%) was comparable with other studies (1.03-1.7%). [18],[20],[21],[22] Pahuja et al. found seroprevalence of 0.66% in a hospital based study with 4014 subjects. [20]
Trends of HCV in different age groups
The maximum seropositivity was seen in 11-20 years (9%) followed by 21-30 years (6.1%), 0-10 years (5.1%) and >40 years (3.5%). Various studies have demonstrated high seroprevalences of IgM anti HCV among the adult population. [21],[23],[24] Bhattacharya et al. found seroprevalance rate of 8.5% in 661 patients with acute viral hepatitis within 20-39 years of age group. [23] Devi et al. found maximum seropositivity in the age group of 30-40 years (46.6%). [25]
The high prevalence rate seen in young adults (15-40 years) is due to cumulative risk of exposure in these age groups. HCV is one of the major etiological agents of parenterally acquired hepatitis and is responsible for most cases of transfusion associated hepatitis. HCV is usually transmitted by sharing infected needles, unsafe transfusion practices and accidental exposures. [19] Some people acquire infection through sexual transmission. All blood donations are still not compulsorily screened for HCV in India. In past few years contaminated needles and syringes have resulted in numerous outbreaks across the country. [26] Adults are at higher exposure risk due to unsafe practices. [27] Tattooing could be an added risk factor. [28]
In the control group, the maximum seropositivity was seen in 0-10 years (2.8%) followed by 11-20 years of age (2.7%). The differences in trends of HCV could be attributed to maximum patients from these age groups. The reason could be a separate pediatric hospital with an independent thalassemia ward at our institution. Many samples were received from this ward for routine screening of children diagnosed with thalassemia and other hemoglobinopathies. Such patients are at an increased risk of HCV transmission due to unsafe injecting practices. Mother to baby transmission is another mode of HCV transmission. Stringent screening of blood products introduced during the early 1990's had minimized this mode of HCV acquisition leaving vertical transmission from infected mothers as the predominant mode of infection in children. [27]
CONCLUSION
HCV infection is predominantly a disease of young adults, which is due to cumulative risk of exposure with age. However, few cases seen in children aged less than ten years resulted from mother to baby transmission. HCV infection still remains a burden on the health-care system world-wide. Most of the HCV infected patients are unaware of their clinical status and hence the disease may be under reported.
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