| |
Quantifying the reduction in sexual transmission of HIV-1 among MSM by early initiation of ART: A mathematical model.
|
| |
| |
Download the PDF here
These findings support the ongoing study of rapid-start programs, particularly evaluating longer-term outcomes of maintenance of virologic suppression and interventions to support scale-up of such strategies; the findings also further support the in-progress global roll-out of INSTI-based therapy as first line, replacing EFV-based regimens. Besides the rapid initiation of ART, providing the necessary support (insurance, counseling, etc.) is key for long-term retention in care of the patients.
The results of this mathematical simulation support the notion that immediate or rapid ART initiation after diagnosis of HIV-1 for MSM has the potential to impact horizontal transmission. Small, clinically meaningful statistically significant advantages of INSTI over EFV and DRVr were found. Rapid, if not same-day initiation of INSTI-based ART to newly diagnosed HIV-infected individuals, has the potential for substantial public health benefits from decreases in secondary transmission events.
In brief, for patients initiating ART on day 0 or day 28, the number of transmitted infections per patient varied between 0.012 and 0.098 for patients initiating INSTI, between 0.030 and 0.122 for patients initiating EFV, and between 0.054 and 0.127 for patients initiating DRV/r.
Initiation of ART on day 28 with a DRV/r-containing regimen was used as the referent case. In brief, in comparison with initiation of ART at day 28 with a DRV/r-containing regimen, the reduction in simulated HIV-transmission events with initiation of ART on day 0 with INSTI, EFV, or DRV/r was 88%, 76%, and 58%, respectively. Regarding the absolute number of simulated transmission events, initiating ART with EFV on day 0 was similar to starting ART with an INSTI on day 3, and starting ART with DRV/r on day 0 was similar to starting ART with an INSTI on day 7.
We found that the number of simulated transmission events per patient in the first 8 weeks after ART initiation increased linearly between same-day ART and deferred initiation until day 28 in all three treatment arms with advantages for INSTI-based therapy over EFV and DRV/r. We also found that in comparison to the initiation of ART at day 28 with DRV/r, the reduction in simulated HIV-transmission events with same-day ART with INSTI, EFV, or DRV/r was 88%, 76%, and 58%, respectively.
FEASIBILITY, EFFICACY, AND SAFETY OF USING DOLUTEGRAVIR/LAMIVUDINE (DTG/3TC) AS A FIRST-LINE REGIMEN IN A TEST-AND-TREAT SETTING FOR NEWLY DIAGNOSED PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV (PLWH): THE STAT STUDY - (08/25/20)
Rapid ART - (09/17/20)
--------------------------------------
Quantifying the reduction in sexual transmission of HIV-1 among MSM by early initiation of ART: A mathematical model
July 20, 2020
Juan BerenguerI1,2*, Javier ParrondoI3, Raphael J. Landovitz4
1 Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas/VIH, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Maraño´n, Madrid, Spain, 2 Instituto de Investigacio´n Sanitaria Gregorio Maraño´n (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain, 3 Parrondo Health, Coslada, Spain, 4 UCLA Center for Clinical AIDS Research & Education, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0236032
Abstract
Background
We analyzed the effect of time to initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) after diagnosis on the probability of HIV-1 transmission events (HIV-TE) in naïve HIV-1-infected men having sex with men (MSM).
Setting
Mathematical model.
Methods
We used discrete event simulation modeling to estimate the probability of HIV-TE in the first 8 weeks after ART initiation; we varied ART initiation from D0 to D28 after simulated “diagnosis”. The model inputs used sexual behavior parameters from the MSM population of the START trial, and transmission rates per-sex act and HIV-1 RNA from recent meta-analyses. HIV-1 RNA decay curves were modeled from the databases of Single (efavirenz [EFV] v dolutegravir [DTG]), Spring-2 (raltegravir [RAL] v DTG), and Flamingo (darunavir/ritonavir [DRVr] v DTG) trials.
Results
We found that the number of HIV-TE per index patient in the first 8 weeks after ART initiation increased linearly for same-day ART to initiation on day 28. Small but statistically significant advantages of integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI) over EFV and DRVr were found.
Conclusions
Rapid, if not same-day initiation of INSTI-based ART to newly diagnosed HIV-infected MSM has the potential for substantial public health benefits related to decreases in HIV-TE.
Introduction
Initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) regardless of CD4+ count reduces the risk of AIDS and non-AIDS-related morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV-1 infection [1]. Additionally, ART and viral suppression reduces the rates of sexual transmission of HIV-1 to negligible levels [2-4], leading to universal recommendation of provision of ART for all persons living with HIV (PLWH) globally [5].
The benefits of early initiation of ART has led to discussions and investigation of accelerated ART initiation, including starting the same day as an HIV-1 infection diagnosis is confirmed. This approach has been associated with higher rates of retention in care, better virologic outcomes and lower mortality in resource-limited settings [6, 7], and shorter times to virologic suppression in high-resource settings [8]. Concerns surrounding rapid initiation of ART include the prevalence of transmitted resistance because it could influence the choice of ART regimen, and the readiness of patients with newly diagnosed HIV infection to initiate ART rapidly [9]. WHO recommended in 2017 that rapid ART initiation, defined as within 7 days from the day of HIV diagnosis, should be offered to all people living with HIV following a confirmed HIV diagnosis and clinical assessment; including the offer of same-day initiation where there is no clinical contraindication and such resources are available [10]. The offer of rapid initiation, including same-day ART, may further reduce transmission to HIV-negative partners; however, data confirming this benefit is lacking.
Because a clinical trial to analyze the effect of time to initiation of ART after diagnosis on the probability of sexual transmission of HIV-1 would be infeasible, we aimed to evaluate this issue using a mathematical model.
Results
Simulated sexual activity
The simulated sexual activity over the full 8-week period after initiation of ART in the three arms (INSTI, EFV, and DRV/r) is shown in Table 1.
Overall, during the 8 weeks after the initiation of ART, per 5 million simulated MSM patients initiating ART, 1 million (20%) engaged in condomless sex; those patients had approximately 9.6 million simulated sexual partners, resulting in approximately 29.6 million simulated condomless sex acts. The number of partners per patient who engaged in condomless sex act with an HIV-negative partner was 1.92; and the number of simulated condomless sex acts with an HIV-negative partner per simulated patient who engaged in condomless sex was 3.08-3.09.
Simulated HIV-1 transmission events
The number of incident simulated HIV-1 transmission events per patient during the full 8-week period after initiation of ART by day of initiation of ART are shown in Fig 1, and supplementary material (S1 Table).
The relative reductions in simulated HIV-1 transmission events by day of initiation of ART and regimen used are shown in Fig 2 and supplementary material (S2 Table).
Initiation of ART on day 28 with a DRV/r-containing regimen was used as the referent case. In brief, in comparison with initiation of ART at day 28 with a DRV/r-containing regimen, the reduction in simulated HIV-transmission events with initiation of ART on day 0 with INSTI, EFV, or DRV/r was 88%, 76%, and 58%, respectively. Regarding the absolute number of simulated transmission events, initiating ART with EFV on day 0 was similar to starting ART with an INSTI on day 3, and starting ART with DRV/r on day 0 was similar to starting ART with an INSTI on day 7.
Sensitivity analyses
The results of the three sensitivity analyses − sexual activity, simulated HIV-1 transmission events, and reduction of HIV-transmission events using initiation of ART at day 28 with DRV/r as the referent case − did not change the results found in the base case scenario; see supplementary material (S3, S4, S5, S6 and S7 Tables).
Discussion
In a previous mathematical model, we found that INSTI-based regimens provide advantages over both EFV- and DRVr-based initial ART in the reduction of HIV-1 transmission risk from anal intercourse in HIV-infected MSM [10]. In this new analysis, we interrogated the effect of progressively early and immediate initiation of ART after diagnosis on the probability of HIV-1 transmission events in treatment naïve HIV-1-infected MSM using the same mathematical model. We found that the number of simulated transmission events per patient in the first 8 weeks after ART initiation increased linearly between same-day ART and deferred initiation until day 28 in all three treatment arms with advantages for INSTI-based therapy over EFV and DRV/r. We also found that in comparison to the initiation of ART at day 28 with DRV/r, the reduction in simulated HIV-transmission events with same-day ART with INSTI, EFV, or DRV/r was 88%, 76%, and 58%, respectively.
The finding that initiating ART with INSTI-based regimens can potentially reduce HIV transmission risk significantly when compared to non-INSTI regimens has been corroborated by another modeling study from British Columbia [17]; but to the best of our knowledge, this is the first mathematical model showing that ART initiation rapidly after diagnosis of HIV-1 infection in MSM has the potential to impact horizontal transmission of the infection. These findings support the ongoing study of rapid-start programs, particularly evaluating longer-term outcomes of maintenance of virologic suppression and interventions to support scale-up of such strategies; the findings also further support the in-progress global roll-out of INSTI-based therapy as first line, replacing EFV-based regimens. Besides the rapid initiation of ART, providing the necessary support (insurance, counseling, etc.) is key for long-term retention in care of the patients.
Our model is limited because HIV negative partners were modelled from the data from the START trial, without considering the HIV prevalence in the hypothetical cohort population. Besides, HIV-1 viral load decay kinetics were derived from pivotal clinical trials in which participants are often highly motivated and represent a population more likely to benefit from an intervention than would be seen in clinical practice. This, however, serves to contextualize the findings as an upper bound of an effect that might be seen in real-world implementation settings. Importantly, we did not consider PrEP use among seronegative partners, which, if used widely and appropriately, could dramatically attenuate HIV transmissions overall. The model has significant strengths as well, including inputs from metanalyses and well-curated clinical trial data and using it to model populations of sexually active MSM whose sexual behaviors are also modelled on data from a large and geographically diverse randomized clinical trial of first ART initiation. Also, results of sensitivity analyses demonstrate the robustness of the model over a wide range of values in the model inputs and assumptions.
Conclusions
The results of this mathematical simulation support the notion that immediate or rapid ART initiation after diagnosis of HIV-1 for MSM has the potential to impact horizontal transmission. Small, clinically meaningful statistically significant advantages of INSTI over EFV and DRVr were found. Rapid, if not same-day initiation of INSTI-based ART to newly diagnosed HIV-infected individuals, has the potential for substantial public health benefits from decreases in secondary transmission events.
|
|
| |
| |
|
|
|
