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Acetaminophen (Tylenol, Paracetamol) Overdose IS Easier Than Many Realize
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"Most Popular painkiller is lead cause of acute liver failure"
Lauran Neergaard, Assoc Press, Dec. 25, 2005
Think popping extra pain pills can't hurt? Think again: Accidental
poisonings from the nation's most popular pain reliever seems to be rising, making acetaminophen the leading cause of acute liver failure.
Use it correctly and acetaminophen, best known by the Tylenol brand, lives up to its reputation as one of the safest painkillers. It's taken by some 100 million people a year, and liver damage occurs in only a small fraction of users. But it's damage that can kill or require a liver transplant, damage that frustrated liver specialists insist should be avoidable.
The problem comes when people don't follow dosing instructions-or unwittingly take too much, not realizing acetaminophen is in hundreds of products, from the over-the-counter remedies Theraflu and Excedrin to the prescription narcotics Vicodin and Percocet. "The argument that it's the safest sort of has overruled the idea that people cannot take any amount they feel like," says Dr. William Lee of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, who laments that acetaminophen is popped like M&Ms.
Acetaminophen bottle currently recommend that adults take no more than 4,000 milligrams a day, or eight extra-strength pills. Just a doubling of the maximum daily dose can be enough to kill, warns Dr. Anne Larson of the University of Washington. Yet, "if two is good, 10 is better in some patients' minds," she says with a sigh.
The Food and Drug Administration has long wrestled with the liver risk, warning two years ago that more than 56,000 emergency-room visits a year are due to acetaminophen overdoses and that 100 people die annually from unintentionally taking too much. A study published by Larson and Lee has agency officials weighing whether to revisit the issue.
Over six years, researchers tracked 662 patients in acute liver failure who were treated at 22 transplant centers. (Acute liver failure is the most severe type, developing over days, unlike chronic liver failure that can simmer for years because of alcohol abuse or viral hepatitis.) Almost half were acetaminophen-related. More remarkable was the steady increase: Acetaminophen was to blame for 28% of the liver poisonings in 1998, but caused 51% of cases in 2003. That makes acetaminophen the most common cause of acute liver failure, the researchers report in the journal Hepatology.
While most patients pulled through with intensive care, 74 died and 23 received a transplant. Some 44% of the cases were suicide attempts. But more, 48%, were unintentional overdoses, which "isn't hard to do," Larson says. Say you take Tylenol Cold & Flue Severe for the flu's aches and stuffiness-- 1000 mg if acetaminophen, every six hours. A headache still nags so between doses you pop some Excedrin-- 500 mg more of acetaminophen.
Switch to Nyquil Cold/Flu at bedtime, another 1000 mg. Maybe you already use arthritis-strength acetaminophen for sore joints-- average dose 1300 mg. Depending on how often they're taken, the total acetaminophen can add up fast.
That's the nonprescription realm. Surprisingly, 63% of unintentional
overdoses involved narcotics like Vicodin and Percocet that contain from 325 mg to 750 mg of acetaminophen inside each pill. Some were chronic pain sufferers taking more and more narcotics as their bodies adjusted to the powerful painkillers, not knowing they were getting ever-higher acetaminophen at the same time. Or they added over-the-counter products for other complaints.
Just this month, Larson treated an 18-year-old whose liver crashed after using Vicodin for three or four days for car-crash injuries. "She was just taking too much because her pain was bothering her."....
How strongly labels warn varies by product. A rule to standardize warnings, urged by FDA's scientific advisers in 2002, still is working its way through the agency. While FDA runs a consumer education campaign about the liver risk, nonprescription drugs chief Dr. Charles Ganley says the new study suggests the agency may need to further target narcotic-acetaminophen combinations.
Lee wants to copy Britain, which say a 30% drop in severe liver poisonings after restricting how much acetaminophen could be bought at once. That's unlikely. Meanwhile the advice is simple: read drug labels and add up all your acetaminophen, avoiding more than 4000 mg a day.
For extra safety, Lee advises no more than 2000 to 3000 mg for more vulnerable people, who regularly use alcohol or have hepatitis.
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